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Environmental impact of meat production
The environmental impact of meat production varies because of the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world. All agricultural practices have been found to have a variety of effects on the environment. Some of the environmental effects that have been associated with meat production are pollution through fossil fuel usage, and water and land consumption. Meat is obtained through a variety of methods, including organic farming, free range farming, intensive livestock production, subsistence agriculture, hunting, and fishing.
The 2006 report ''Livestock's Long Shadow'', released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, states that "the livestock sector is a major stressor on many ecosystems and on the planet as a whole. Globally it is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases and one of the leading causal factors in the loss of biodiversity, while in developed and emerging countries it is perhaps the leading source of water pollution." (this and much other FAO usage (but not always elsewhere), poultry are included as "livestock". ) However, only some fraction of these effects is assignable to meat production, because there are other important components to the livestock sector, including provision of draft animal power, non-meat foods, and non-food products. Livestock have been estimated to provide power for tillage of as much as half of the world's cropland.〔Bradford, E. (Task Force Chair). 1999. Animal agriculture and global food supply. Task Force Report No. 135. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. 92 pp.〕 According to production data compiled by the FAO, 74 percent of global livestock product tonnage in 2011 was accounted for by non-meat products.〔FAOSTAT. (statistics database ) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://faostat3.fao.org/〕
==Consumption and production trends==
Changes in demand for meat may change the environmental impact of meat production by influencing how much meat is produced. It has been estimated that global meat consumption may double from 2000 to 2050, mostly as a consequence of increasing world population, but also partly because of increased per capita meat consumption (with much of the per capita consumption increase occurring in the developing world).〔FAO. 2006. World agriculture: towards 2030/2050. Prospects for food, nutrition, agriculture and major commodity groups. Interim report. Global Perspectives Unit, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 71 pp.〕 Global production and consumption of poultry meat have recently been growing at more than 5 percent annually.〔 Trends vary among livestock sectors. For example, global per capita consumption of pork has increased recently (almost entirely due to changes in consumption within China), while global per capita consumption of ruminant meats has been declining.〔
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